A Level Biology Summary Filetype PDF

A Level Biology Summary Filetype PDF Details
PDF Name	A Level Biology Summary Filetype PDF
No. of Pages	68
PDF Size	0.61 MB
Language	English
Category	English
Source	s-cool.co.uk
Download Link	Available ✔
Downloads	17

If A Level Biology Summary Filetype is a illigal, abusive or copyright material Report a Violation. We will not be providing its PDF or any source for downloading at any cost.

A Level Biology Summary Filetype

Dear readers, here we are offering an A-Level Biology Summary Filetype PDF to all of you. Biology is the scientific study of life. The word biology is derived from the two greek words the first one is “bios” which means life and the other one is “logos” which refers to the study.

As per the definition of biology “Biology is defined as the study of living organisms, their origins, anatomy, morphology, physiology, behavior, and distribution.” Here we have provided the A-Level Biology Summary in pdf format for all the students.

A Level Biology Summary Filetype PDF

Biological Molecules and Enzymes

1) Carbohydrates

Contain 3 elements:

• Carbon (C)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Oxygen (O)

Carbohydrates are found in one of three forms:

• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides (both sugars)
• Polysaccharides

Disaccharides and glycosidic bonds

These are formed when two monosaccharides are condensed together. One monosaccharide loses an H atom from carbon atom number 1 and the other loses an OH group from carbon 4 to form the bond. The reaction, which is called a condensation reaction, involves the loss of water (H2O) and the formation of a 1,4-glycosidic bond.

Examples of Disaccharides

• Sucrose: glucose + fructose,
• Lactose: glucose + galactose,
• Maltose: glucose + glucose

Functions of carbohydrates

• Substrate for respiration (glucose is essential for cardiac tissues).
• Intermediate in respiration (e.g. glyceraldehydes).
• Energy stores (e.g. starch, glycogen).
• Structural (e.g. cellulose, chitin in arthropod exoskeletons, and fungal walls).
• Transport (e.g. sucrose is transported in the phloem of a plant).
• Recognition of molecules outside a cell (e.g. attached to proteins or lipids on cell surface membrane).

Lipids

Lipids are made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but in different proportions than carbohydrates. The most common type of lipid is triglyceride.

Lipids can exist as fats, oils, and waxes. Fats and oils are very similar in structure (triglycerides).

Triglycerides

These are made up of 3 fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule.

Functions of lipids

1.	Storage –	lipids are non-polar and so are insoluble in water.
2.	High-energy store –	they have a high proportion of H atoms relative to O atoms and so yield more energy than the same mass of carbohydrate.
3.	Production of metabolic water –	some water is produced as a final result of respiration.
4.	Thermal insulation –	fat conducts heat very slowly so having a layer under the skin keeps metabolic heat in.
5.	Electrical insulation –	the myelin sheath around axons prevents ion leakage.
6.	Waterproofing –	waxy cuticles are useful, for example, to prevent excess evaporation from the surface of a leaf.
7.	Hormone production –	steroid hormones. Oestrogen requires lipids for its formation, as do other substances such as plant growth hormones.
8.	Buoyancy –	as lipids float on water, they can have a role in maintaining buoyancy in organisms

You can download A Level Biology Summary Filetype PDF by clicking on the following download button.

A Level Biology Summary Filetype PDF Download Link

Report This

If the download link of Gujarat Manav Garima Yojana List 2022 PDF is not working or you feel any other problem with it, please Leave a Comment / Feedback. If A Level Biology Summary Filetype is a illigal, abusive or copyright material Report a Violation. We will not be providing its PDF or any source for downloading at any cost.