Relationships and Biodiversity Lab PDF

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PDF Name	Relationships and Biodiversity Lab PDF
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Relationships and Biodiversity Lab

Hey guys, today we are going to offer Relationships and Biodiversity Lab PDF for all of you. The assessment of the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on biodiversity and ecosystem services and their relationships are key priorities of the Intergovernmental Panel for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.

Agricultural landscapes and their associated biodiversity provide multiple ecosystem services. It is crucial to understand how relationships between ecosystem services and biodiversity components change along gradients of landscape complexity.

In this article, we have provided a piece of important information related to eight ecosystem services potentials to the species richness of five invertebrate, vertebrate and plant taxonomic groups in cereal farming systems. Here you can easily know more about the Relationships and Biodiversity Lab PDF.

Relationships and Biodiversity Lab PDF

1. Introduction

• A major aim of the Intergovernmental Panel for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is the assessment of biodiversity, the provisioning of ecosystem services, and the relationships between them.
• Agricultural fields cover more than one-third of the global land area (FAOSTAT, 2015), harbour high levels of biodiversity (Macdonald and Feber, 2015) and provide important benefits to human societies (“ecosystem services” hereafter ES, Power, 2010).
• The ongoing loss of biodiversity due to agricultural intensification (Allan et al., 2014, Tsiafouli et al., 2015) is often associated with a decline in ES delivery (Cardinale et al., 2012, Naeem et al., 2012) and the maintenance of high BD and ES supply has been highlighted as a priority for future conservation projects (Cimon-Morin et al., 2013).
• The most comprehensive evidence for such relationships between single ES and BD components is based on meta-analyses (Cardinale et al., 2006, Balvanera et al., 2006, Howe et al., 2014, Lefcheck et al., 2015).

2. Results

(i) Study sites

• Before accounting for landscape complexity, 16 BD components were related to ES potentials (Fig. 1a, out of 40 pairwise correlations with Pearson or partial Pearson ΔR > 0.2 or <− 0.2).
• Accounting for landscape complexity increased the number of related BD components and ES potentials to 18 (Fig. 1b). The number of related pairwise BD components (3 out of 10 with Pearson or partial Pearson R > 0.2 or <− 0.2) or related pairwise ES potentials (13 out of 28 with Pearson or partial Pearson R > 0.2 or <− 0.2) remained unaffected by accounting for landscape complexity.
• Two pairwise relationships became more positive after accounting for landscape complexity and all included yield potential (species richness of birds vs. yields, species richness of spiders vs. yield and biocontrol vs. yield, Fig. 2).
• One relationship became less positive after accounting for landscape complexity (species richness of birds vs. biocontrol) and one relationship that was previously positive became negative (species richness of plants vs. species richness of birds).

(ii) Statistical analysis

• We used Pearson correlations to describe all pairwise relationships between ES potentials, BD components and landscape complexity. The use of a linear statistical approach was justified, as only 5 out of 423 data points are classified as outliers in our data (outlier coefficient > 1.5).
• We have no indication that these outliers result from a measurement error and therefore did not remove them from the analyses. The distribution of data is within a common threshold range for skewness values (− 1 to 1) for all but two variables in our data.
• As normality is not an assumption for Pearson correlations and as transformation (square root or log) did not improve skewness values for these two variables we used untransformed data for all analyses.
• We then described pairwise relationships between all ES potentials and BD components after accounting for landscape complexity, by using partial Pearson correlations.

3. Methods 

• Ecosystem service potentials (Table 1a) and biodiversity components (Table 1b) were quantified within 1 km radius landscapes centred around 33 conventional cereal farms in the province of Scania, southern Sweden during the spring and summer of 2011.
• This scale was chosen to facilitate the selection of study landscapes along a pre-defined landscape complexity gradient in the study design (see next section) and because several of the studied organism groups are known to respond to landscape characteristics at a 1 km scale (e.g. beetles & spiders: Rusch et al., 2014, plants: Rader et al., 2014).
• The scale of heterogeneity is however related to the mobility of organisms (see for example Fig. 4.1 in Smith et al., 2014) and our results, therefore, need to be interpreted given the choice of a single scale to assess landscape complexity.
• This study used landscapes with farms that cultivated spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as it was possible to find this crop across a large gradient of landscape complexity.

4. Discussion

• Landscape complexity altered pairwise correlations between BD components and ES potentials due to strong relationships to yield potential and bird species richness. Subsets of BD components and ES potentials formed bundles that were consistently positively related across the studied landscape complexity gradient.
• Landscape complexity and multi diversity, but not landscape complexity and multifunctionality, were positively related. Our results suggest that landscape complexity can alter pairwise relationships through effects on single BD components or ES potentials.
• However, several relationships between BD components and ES potentials were not altered by landscape complexity and multifunctionality was not significantly related to landscape complexity.

5. Conclusions

• We show that multi diversity can be promoted by high landscape complexity, namely a higher proportion of unfertilized pastures and field borders in agricultural landscapes.
• However, we found no support for a general effect of landscape complexity on the majority of pairwise relationships between ES potential and BD components or on multifunctionality.
• These results to some extent challenge the argument that biodiversity-friendly landscape management may always simultaneously promotes multiple ES potentials.
• Furthermore, the lack of a general relationship between multifunctionality and multi diversity in our study may challenge the argument that species richness should primarily be conserved due to its importance for ES provision in agricultural landscapes.

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